" Yà pasò el verano; Yà cayò el Invierno y dentro de poco tambièn caerè al infierno...."
Que turururù,que turururù,
Que turururù; que la culpa la tienes tu....."
Parafraseando una vieja canciòn española de la época de la Guerra Civil y "aggiornada" por los Quilapayùn, en los 70 , me digo...como puede ser que yà tenga miel nueva y aùn no vendì la totalidad de la miel cosechada en la campaña anterior...?
Cuanta abundancia ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
Pero no; de abundancia NADA....solo los mismos problemitas de comercializaciòn que año tras año exportadores y sus compradores generan con el simple objetivo de bajar el precio de la miel.
Mientras tanto nosotros ,seguimos sin saber que hacer.
Sin que se nos caiga una idea aunque nos sacudan cabeza abajo,para solucionar este asunto de la medidas para-arancelarias.
Claro...; Que apicultor o cuántos pueden presentarse en la Cancillerìa y proponer negocios..?
Cuántos pueden ir a la embajada de Arabia Saudita y ofrecer lo que los saudíes estàn solicitando ?
Nadie, ninguno.....No queremos, y No podemos.
Y esto traducido al Argentino básico es : "A rìo revuelto ganancia de exportadores" .
Existen empresas exportadoras honestas y compradores de miel que son la madre de los Corsarios.....husmeando salas de extracciòn con promesas que JAMAS se cumplen, sobre todo a apicultores chicos que siempre necesitan el dinero.
Mientras esto ocurre, escuchamos en los salones de APIMONDIA un poco de todo, y mucho de nada.....
Ademàs no quiere llover.....
Pero...no todo viene mal, porque a Dios gracias existen los Apicultores....
Sì ¡¡¡ aunque no lo crea Ud....en la Apicultura hay Apicultores y siempre van para adelante en contra de los "brokers", de la sequìa, de la varroa, de los piratas, de los que inventan la apicultura exitosa todos los dìas y jamàs prendieron un ahumador....
Los Apicultores, esos señores (y cada vez màs señoras, a Dios Gracias...) que en APIMONDIA se entendìan aunque uno hablara en Portuguès y el otro en Polaco...
Y por eso sigue existiendo la apicultura , a pesar de tantas dificultades, gracias a los Apicultores, ùnicos y verdaderos protagonistas de una profesiòn ,forma de vida o vocaciòn que agradecemos tener.
Buen comienzo de temporada ¡¡¡¡ (tarde pero seguro).
27 de septiembre de 2011
24 de septiembre de 2011
APIMONDIA 2011 - Argentina / Fotos
Curuzú Cuatiá -Gral.Belgrano-Chivilcoy -Junín
Aldo Bolognesi un Sr. Apicultor con mayúsculas....
Beatriz Achával
Ariel Guardia Lopez; Lucas Martínez,Ariel Franetovich y Juan Dalessandro ( de izq a der); inaugurando el stand del Ministerio de Asuntos Agrarios de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.
20 de septiembre de 2011
16 de septiembre de 2011
2° Mesa Regional Apicola - Alberti -BA- Argentina
2° Mesa Regional Apícola Zona Norte....Gracias a los amigos de Alberti y a todos los participantes...¡ :-)
12 de septiembre de 2011
Proyecto Silvo Apícola Pastoril
Un grupo de especialistas, productores y profesionales se reunieron en la Estación Forestal de INTA 25 de Mayo para presentar un proyecto que combine forestación, pasturas y apicultura como un sistema alternativo de producción.
7 de septiembre de 2011
Transgenicos II
El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea defiende el derecho a una miel libre de transgénicos.
El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea defiende el derecho a una miel libre de transgénicos.
Ecologistas y agricultores exigen al Gobierno que tome medidas urgentes para evitar daños en la apicultura española.
El Tribunal de Justicia de la UE ha fallado esta tarde, sobre la presencia de polen de cultivos transgénicos en la miel. La decisión, que sigue la opinión del Abogado General, defiende el derecho a una miel libre de transgénicos, al considerar que la presencia de polen de estos cultivos necesita un proceso de autorización específico. Las consecuencias en España, único país de la UE que cultiva transgénicos a gran escala, pueden ser extremadamente graves, ya que no sería posible comercializar la producción contaminada. Diferentes asociaciones ecologistas y cooperativas agrarias, exigen al Gobierno que tome medidas urgentes para evitar daños al sector, empezando por la prohibición del cultivo de transgénicos en España.
Transgenicos I
UE
Bruselas dice que prohibición de miel contaminada tendrá un impacto en las importaciones desde Argentina y China
Monsanto tendrá que pedir autorización para utilizar un transgénico para fabricar miel
BRUSELAS, 7 Sep. (EUROPA PRESS) -
La Comisión Europea ha reconocido este miércoles que la prohibición de comercializar miel fabricada a partir de organismos transgénicos tendrá un impacto en las importaciones de miel a la UE desde Argentina y China, los dos proveedores principales, después de que el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TUE) haya dictaminado este martes que la miel contaminada de polen derivado de un organismo transgénico no puede comercializarse sin autorización previa.
"Es muy probable que la sentencia del tribunal tengan impacto en las importaciones de miel en la UE de Argentina y China, donde hay algo de producción de organismos transgénicos", ha explicado en rueda de prensa el portavoz de Salud y Protección al Consumidor, Frédérik Vincent.
El portavoz comunitario ha dejado claro sin embargo que "no existe riesgo" sanitario y que a priori Bruselas descarta pedir la retirada de "miles de tarro de miel" comercializados en la UE bajo la etiqueta de miel de tercer país. "La miel no es peligrosa, sólo que tiene un organismo transgénico", ha insistido.
La UE produjo el año pasado 200.000 toneladas de miel e importó unas 145.000. Sus principales proveedores fueron Argentina, con cerca de 39.000 toneladas y China, con 33.000 toneladas, aunque también tiene otros proveedores menores como México, Chile, Uruguay, Brasil y Ucrania.
Fuentes del Ejecutivo comunitario reconocen que puede haber más implicaciones a priori para las importaciones de China que de Argentina. "Argentina y China producen organismo transgénicos. Argentina produce OMG que están autorizados en la UE para alimentación animal y humana e importamos productos GM de Argentina. En China tenemos productos GM que no han sido aprobados en la UE. Esto podría implicar que los importadores tengan que comprobar la miel que importan", han explica (ver nota completa-click en el titulo)
21 de agosto de 2011
Apiaraucanía -Fiel a Galeano...
19 de agosto de 2011
Curso de Iniciación y Nivelación Apícola.
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Módulo Apícola Proyecto Regional "Diversificación productiva de las pequeñas y medianas explotaciones agropecuarias de Entre Ríos"
Viernes 19 de Agosto de 2011 - Año II - Nº 19
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Curso de "Iniciación y nivelación Apícola"
Se realizó en el salón de la Cooperativa de Agua Potable de la localidad de General Campos, en el departamento de San Salvador, Entre Ríos, el cuarto encuentro del Curso de "Iniciación y nivelación apícola", organizado en el marco del convenio entre el Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) y la Comisión Administradora para el Fondo Especial de Salto Grande (CAFESG).
El curso se "Inciación y nivelación apícola" esta compuesto por 10 clases donde se desarrollan temas relacionados con la actividad, tales como: sanidad, anatomía de las abejas, enfermedades del apiario, pautas para el buen manejo de las colmenas, alimentación de las abejas, entre otros. La capacitación está dirigida tanto a quienes se están iniciando en la apicultura, como también a aquellos que se encuentran en plena práctica, a fin de que puedan nivelar sus conocimientos. Concluido el ciclo de conferencias, la finalidad es que los productores apícolas ingresen o conformen un grupo de trabajo del Programa Federal de Apoyo al Desarrollo Rural Sustentable (PROFEDER), teniendo saberes que agilicen la adopción de tecnología y el trabajo grupal. El curso, que cuenta con el auspicio de CAFESG, es organizado por la Agencia de Extensión Rural del INTA de San Salvador y la Coordinación de Producción y Empleo e la Municipalidad de San Salvador. El instructor es el Méd. Vet. Lucio Aubry, Promotor-asesor de grupos apícolas de Cambio Rural.
Más información: aersansalvador@concepcion.inta.gov.ar
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Este boletín es editado en:
Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA Concepción del Uruguay Casilla de Correo Nº 6 (3260) Concepción del Uruguay, Entre Ríos TEL/FAX 54 3442 425561 / 425578 Área de Arroz 03442 438073 Área de Producción Animal 03442 438074 Patología Animal y Biotecnología 03442 438075 http://www.inta.gov.ar/concepcion Si no desea recibir este Boletín mande un E-mail a: noticias@concepcion.inta.gov.ar Responsable: Director EEA INTA C. del Uruguay, Ing. Agr. Rubén Devoto Edición: Lic. Marta Iselli | |
(c) Copyright 2001 INTA - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Todos los derechos reservados.
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28 de julio de 2011
6 de julio de 2011
Plan de Zonificación y Desarrollo Apícola en la Pcia. de BA.
Estudio para aumentar la competitividad
El ministro de Asuntos Agrarios, Ariel Franetovich, anunció que -a través de un equipo técnico de su cartera- se realizará el Proyecto Estudio Zonificación y Promoción del Sector Apícola en la Provincia de Buenos Aires.
En el marco del Programa Miel, la cartera pone a disposición un referente denominado Agente de Desarrollo Apícola y a consultores en temas relacionados a la comercialización y fraccionamiento, agronómicos, jurídicos, informática y contable.
El objetivo del proyecto es fomentar el incremento del valor agregado en la cadena productiva.
El ministro de Asuntos Agrarios, Ariel Franetovich, anunció que -a través de un equipo técnico de su cartera- se realizará el Proyecto Estudio Zonificación y Promoción del Sector Apícola en la Provincia de Buenos Aires.
En el marco del Programa Miel, la cartera pone a disposición un referente denominado Agente de Desarrollo Apícola y a consultores en temas relacionados a la comercialización y fraccionamiento, agronómicos, jurídicos, informática y contable.
El objetivo del proyecto es fomentar el incremento del valor agregado en la cadena productiva.
15 de junio de 2011
Espacio Apícola -Golpe Bajo. Nota de Fernando Esteban
Lean señores apicultores, otro "botón de muestra"..bien explicado por Fernando....
GOLPE BAJO
GOLPE BAJO
(14 de junio de 2011) Finalmente la Unión Europea dió el golpe anunciado el pasado mes de febrero. Según publica el diario "La República", de Uruguay, la Unión Europea quitó el status de "natural" a las mieles de ese país hermano, por contener polen transgénico.
Al igual que en 2003 con los nitrofuranos, la Unión Europea usará este ardid para derrumbar el precio de la miel. La medida afecta especialmente a aquellos países que se ajustaron a los estándares europeos de Buenas Prácticas Apícolas y normas HACCP para la homogeneización de miel.
No está de más recordar que a fines de 2010, Gran Bretaña, autorizó nuevamente el uso de Nitrofuranos en la producción aviar.
¿Sancionarán a Bayer y Monsanto por desnaturalizar la vida o con unos Euros para el "inocente apicultor damnificado" será suficiente?.
Por otra parte, no hace falta preguntarnos qué defensa nos espera de gobiernos cuyas economías dependen de los OGM.
Saludos cordiales
Fernando
18 de abril de 2011
Mensaje de la Cabaña Tapiquí Blanco....vale la pena leerlo.
Me pareció muy bueno este anuncio y mensaje de la Cabaña Tapiquí Blanco de la Familia Bori de Mercedes BA.
Vale la pena leer los dos textos son muy buenos.
30 de marzo de 2011
25 de marzo de 2011
Preparándose para la Invernada -Diario de un Apicultor -Bitácora de viaje.........
Acaba de terminar una
campaña que superó a las 4 o 5 anteriores en rinde de miel por colmena. La
cosecha y extracción de miel son tareas que demandan mucho esfuerzo y trabajo
físico en pleno verano y trabajando a pleno sol, algo que, el apicultor
disfruta, aunque suene extraño.
Saber que ese trabajo rinde
sus frutos por supuesto es demás gratificante.
Pero no termina el ciclo del
trabajo con el llenado de los tambores.
Muy lejos de esto, se
inician tres tareas básicas: programar y ejecutar la comercialización (no
siempre es fácil y beneficiosa para el productor); determinar el nivel de
Varroasis en los colmenares y realizar las curas necesarias en consecuencia y
preparar la colonia para que pase el invierno “sana y salva” es decir que al
llegar el inicio de la primavera esté en condiciones de producir nuevamente una
buena cosecha.
La buena cosecha se da con
una colmena bien invernada, un buen campo y un apicultor que la trabaje
correctamente.
En general existe un avance
en el nivel de Varroasis (enfermedad, producida por un ácaro llamado Varroa destructor) en casi todo el país
y los medicamentos veterinarios utilizados para su control no siempre resultan
eficaces o porque no cumplen las condiciones de un buen acaricida o porque son mal utilizados (época del año en la
que son colocados en la colonia o sitio dentro de la colonia en donde se los
ubica).
Acaba de iniciarse el otoño
y hablamos de invernada y es así porque en apicultura el productor y sus abejas
deben estar listos y esperando “la campana de largada”; el instinto de
supervivencia tan especializado de las abejas (no ocurre así con otras
especies) no nos permite a los apicultores demorarnos en nuestra tareas y menos
esperar a que sucedan para actuar. Por otra parte el ácaro varroa continúa su
ciclo y es en esta época y en primavera en donde se da una situación que lo
ayuda a diseminarse y es el pillaje;
esto es el ataque de abejas de una colonia hacia otra que quizás ( o nó)
contenga más alimento que la que agrede. En este “ataque” por el alimento
muchas obreras transportan varroas en sus cuerpos y las diseminan entre otras colmenas.
Es tan peligroso no prestar
atención a este parásito como a la reserva de alimento que la colmena posee.
Entonces, otra de las tareas básicas de prepararse para la invernada es estimar
el nivel de reservas de alimento que le dejamos a las colmenas.
Hay quienes dejan buena
cantidad de miel y otros que la suplantan totalmente por otros azúcares que si
bien cumplen la función de todo hidrato de carbono, nunca equiparan a un marco
de miel como reserva. Según zonas y calidad de colmena se dejarán los kilos
necesarios para que invernen correctamente. Es preciso aclarar que a medida que
avanza el otoño la colmena naturalmente se comprime y nosotros debemos
acompañar ese movimiento natural achicando el espacio dentro de la colmena; así
el nido de cría o Bola invernal , en este caso verá reducida la necesidad de
gastar energía para mantener la temperatura de 34-35 ºC durante todo el
invierno en el centro del nido.
Comercialización
Justa – Varroasis – Reservas Nutricionales
Estos tres aspectos son
tarea básica ahora para poder repetir una buena campaña el año próximo, a no
descuidarse, rotar los acaricidas (no curar siempre con lo mismo) y evaluar
mediante la Prueba del Frasco el nivel de Varroa antes y
después de la cura, es recomendable hacerlo antes de que llegue el pleno
invierno cuando quizás ya sea demasiado tarde para enmendar errores. Ahora es
el momento de reducir el porcentaje de mortandad invernal.
18 de febrero de 2011
Neonicotinoides contra las abejas
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/05/nicotine-bees-population-restored-with-neonicotinoids-ban.php
Following France and Germany, last year the Italian Agriculture Ministry suspended the use of a class of pesticides, nicotine-based neonicotinoids, as a "precautionary measure." The compelling results - restored bee populations - prompted the government to uphold the ban. Yesterday, copies of the film 'Nicotine Bees' were delivered to the US Congress explaining the pesticide's connection to Colony Collapse Disorder. Despite the evidence, why does CCD remain a 'mystery' in the US?
(Ver artículo completo en el link...)
Following France and Germany, last year the Italian Agriculture Ministry suspended the use of a class of pesticides, nicotine-based neonicotinoids, as a "precautionary measure." The compelling results - restored bee populations - prompted the government to uphold the ban. Yesterday, copies of the film 'Nicotine Bees' were delivered to the US Congress explaining the pesticide's connection to Colony Collapse Disorder. Despite the evidence, why does CCD remain a 'mystery' in the US?
(Ver artículo completo en el link...)
10 de febrero de 2011
La justicia europea dice que la miel contaminada con transgénicos requiere autorización para venderse
http://www.europapress.es/economia/noticia-economia-justicia-europea-dice-miel-contaminada-transgenicos-requiere-autorizacion-venderse-20110209104226.html
BRUSELAS, 9 Feb. (EUROPA PRESS) -
El abogado general del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TUE), Yves Bot, ha dictaminado hoy que la miel que contiene polen derivado de maíz transgénico requiere una autorización para poder comercializarse en territorio comunitario por tratarse de un alimento producido a partir de un organismo genéticamente modificado.
La opinión del abogado general no tiene carácter vinculante, aunque el Tribunal de Luxemburgo sigue sus recomendaciones en el 80% de los casos. Ahora los jueces comienzan a deliberar y la sentencia se dictará en un momento posterior.
(ver nota completa en el enlace.....)
3 de febrero de 2011
Plight of the honey bee! - FARMING UK
Plight of the honey bee!
A steep increase in honey bee colony losses has been reported around the globe in recent years. In the United States (US), a phenomenon called ’colony collapse disorder’—first discovered in 2006—has caused inexplicable losses. The rate of bee colonies not surviving the winter ranged between 30 percent and 35 percent on average for the years 2006/2007 to 2009/2010—a loss rate of 10 percent would be considered normal. However, some of the worst-hit beekeepers have reported losses of up to 90 percent. Most countries in Europe have also been experiencing colony losses above 20 percent in the past few years.
What exactly is causing the increased colony losses remains subject to further investigation. However, the academic world now seems to agree that rather than one factor there is a mixture of potentially synergistic causes for the losses. Although problems have been the worst in Europe and the US, inexplicable losses are also being witnessed in Asia, South America and the Middle East.
This increase in bee colony losses has drawn much attention from the media, politicians, the academic world and the general public. Some even paint apocalyptic scenarios whereby mankind could vanish along with the honey bee. But this is unlikely, as some of the major staple crops like rice, wheat and corn do not require animal pollination. Also, high bee colony losses are not entirely new: in the early 20th century, an epidemic known as the Isle of Wight disease wiped out nearly all the bees from the British Isles. Nevertheless, there is some reason for concern. A further decline in honey bee numbers could cause a pollination shortage and subsequently impact yields of pollination-dependent crops like apples, pears and cocoa. In a more extreme scenario, farmers might not be able to grow some crops profitably. Furthermore, the issue—which is now global rather than local - is compounded by world agriculture’s increasing dependence on the honey bee.
Agriculture becoming increasingly dependent on bee pollination
Some 90 agricultural crops, representing one-third of global food production volume, are to some extent dependent on animal pollination. The total value is even higher as pollination-dependent crops - like apples, blueberries and coffee - tend to be more valuable than wind-pollinated crops like wheat, rice and corn. There are several pollinating animal species, but the domesticated honey bee is by far the most important one, accounting for an average of 80 percent to 90 percent of total animal pollination.
The impact of pollination varies by crop. For some crops, like almonds or melons, pollination is absolutely essential as poor pollination would cause a failed harvest. For other crops, such as oranges and grapefruit, pollination has a small but valuable impact on the size and quality of the fruit.
In the past 50 years, global production of pollination-dependent crops has grown at an accelerated pace relative to the overall growth in food production. In the past five decades, world food production tripled while the production of our reference basket of pollination-dependent crops nearly quintupled. In other words pollination dependent crops represent a larger proportion of the average diet than they did 50 years ago. This is because rising disposable incomes have encouraged consumers to include more fresh fruits and vegetables in their diets. This trend is expected to continue on the back of rising income levels in emerging giants like China and Brazil, as people continue to diversify their diets and move away from major staple crops like corn, wheat and rice, which do not require animal pollination.
Production growing faster than the number of managed bee hives
Although the global stock of managed bee colonies may be growing, the demand for agricultural pollination is increasing more rapidly2.This is illustrated by our estimate that in the past 50 years the global acreage planted with pollination-dependent crops has increased by 135 percent while the number of managed bee colonies grew by 83 percent. In Europe, among the regions with the highest colony-loss rates, the gap has grown even wider as the acreage requiring pollination doubled while the number of bee colonies only grew by some 50 percent.
However, the US has been identified as a key risk region, as the situation there is much more extreme . Production of pollinated crops has quadrupled since 1961 whereas the number of managed bee colonies has more than halved. The latter development has been driven by cheap honey imports from Asia and beekeeping being an ageing profession. The consequence is that the average number of bee colonies per pollination-requiring hectare has declined by nearly 90 percent. This does not suggest a causality between the decline in bee colonies relative to the demand for agricultural pollination and the colony losses observed in recent years; rather, this development illustrates the growing, inherent risk of colony losses as the average colony is responsible for a greater pollination task.
On the other hand, farmers have managed to grow produce with relatively fewer bee colonies up to this point, and there has been no evidence of agricultural yields being affected by a decline in pollinators. But the question is how much further this situation can be stretched. In the US, there have already been situations in which bee colonies have been imported from Australia to cover a pollination shortage due to high mortality rates of domestic colonies.
Role of managed bee hives more important relative to wild pollinators. In addition to the growth in food production volumes, another reason global agriculture is becoming increasingly dependent on the honey bee is that production methods have changed greatly in the past century. The total global agricultural acreage has not grown nearly as fast as total production. This is because of the
yield improvements that are enabled by the enormous technological advances made in agriculture during the second half of the 20th century.
Part of the advancement in improving agricultural yields is due to the fact that crops are increasingly grown under monoculture. This is also the case for pollination-dependent crops. This has had a double-edged effect on agriculture’s dependence on managed bee colonies. First, the acreage requiring pollination has simply increased, and second, areas under monoculture often require bringing managed bee hives to the field, as areas under monoculture do not usually provide the right living conditions to host wild pollinators that would normally be found in areas with greater biodiversity. Even if a crop field is surrounded by forest, wild pollinators only reach the borders of the field, as their radius is usually much smaller than that of the honey bee, which can cover an area of up to seven kilometres around the hive.
So what’s causing colony deaths?
The exact cause for the rapid rate of bee colony losses witnessed in recent years remains unclear. A lot of scientific research has been conducted to uncover the culprit, often leading to contradictory conclusions. But the academic world now seems to agree that there is no single cause to this issue; it is more than likely that a number of causes have together formed a lethal cocktail. Some of the causes may even have synergistic effects, but exactly how they interact is currently subject to investigation.
Honey bees used for human purposes are bred to be friendly, efficient in pollination and able to produce large amounts of honey. This is what could be called commercial selection over natural selection. Bee queens, the only bees in a hive that produce larvae, are bred by a relatively small number of commercial breeders. This inbreeding has caused a huge decline in diversity and thereby a shrinking gene pool, which in turn has affected the specie’s resilience to adverse influences or natural enemies. The best known example is the varroa destructor, a parasitic mite that weakens the bee.
The wider decline in biodiversity also has its effect on the honey bee. Increased monoculture and the coinciding loss of semi-natural habitat have impacted the bees’ diet; the lack of variation has led to malnutrition of managed bee colonies. For the same reason, wild pollinators including wild bees are suffering in many regions. Another suspected cause is pesticide use. This has led to bans on certain pesticides linked to bee colony losses in France and Germany. There seems to be no agreement among stakeholders about the exact role of pesticides; they are the major cause according to some, and are considered less relevant by others. Yet, in Sichuan (Southern China) the application of too much pesticide during the 1980s wiped out many insects, including bees.
Therefore, each spring, pollination in this area is carried out by hand, an enormously labour intensive task considering that a single bee colony can pollinate up to 300million flowers a day.
Outlook
Most of the suspected factors causing bee colony losses are linked to modern agriculture. At the same time, modern agriculture has provided the world with great benefits. Today, 1.5 times more food per capita is produced than was produced 50 years ago and this food is of greater quality and greater diversity than half a century ago. The achievements of modern agriculture must be maintained. As world population continues to grow, so too will the demand for food. Additionally, the demand for pollination-dependent crops is Considering that this is a global issue and that the inherent economic impact of a further decline of bee colonies may be substantial, the tide must
be turned. This will require increased cooperation between the academic world, governmental bodies, apiarists and companies directly dependent on pollination. The beekeepers, mostly loosely organised in apiarist associations, will not be able to solve the issue themselves.
First, a better understanding of how the suspected causes of colony losses interact and how bees respond to those causes is needed. This will require coordinated research and more close and consistent monitoring of bee colonies, as sufficient quality data is often lacking. In the mean time, to save the genetic diversity currently present among the bees, breeding projects should be developed, with or without governmental support. Furthermore, biodiversity in agricultural areas should be increased to provide greater nutritional variety for the bees pollinating the crops, and to promote the right living conditions for attracting wild pollinating species that could take over part of the pollination job. A practical solution would be introducing a variety of plants between permanent crops or promoting weedy borders. In addition, although the use of pesticides cannot always be avoided, application should take place in cooperation with beekeepers. A simple but effective measure is avoiding pesticide use during daylight hours, when bees are foraging. For those producing pollination-dependent crops, one thing is clear: pollination should not be considered as a production factor to be taken or granted going forward.
What exactly is causing the increased colony losses remains subject to further investigation. However, the academic world now seems to agree that rather than one factor there is a mixture of potentially synergistic causes for the losses. Although problems have been the worst in Europe and the US, inexplicable losses are also being witnessed in Asia, South America and the Middle East.
This increase in bee colony losses has drawn much attention from the media, politicians, the academic world and the general public. Some even paint apocalyptic scenarios whereby mankind could vanish along with the honey bee. But this is unlikely, as some of the major staple crops like rice, wheat and corn do not require animal pollination. Also, high bee colony losses are not entirely new: in the early 20th century, an epidemic known as the Isle of Wight disease wiped out nearly all the bees from the British Isles. Nevertheless, there is some reason for concern. A further decline in honey bee numbers could cause a pollination shortage and subsequently impact yields of pollination-dependent crops like apples, pears and cocoa. In a more extreme scenario, farmers might not be able to grow some crops profitably. Furthermore, the issue—which is now global rather than local - is compounded by world agriculture’s increasing dependence on the honey bee.
Agriculture becoming increasingly dependent on bee pollination
Some 90 agricultural crops, representing one-third of global food production volume, are to some extent dependent on animal pollination. The total value is even higher as pollination-dependent crops - like apples, blueberries and coffee - tend to be more valuable than wind-pollinated crops like wheat, rice and corn. There are several pollinating animal species, but the domesticated honey bee is by far the most important one, accounting for an average of 80 percent to 90 percent of total animal pollination.
The impact of pollination varies by crop. For some crops, like almonds or melons, pollination is absolutely essential as poor pollination would cause a failed harvest. For other crops, such as oranges and grapefruit, pollination has a small but valuable impact on the size and quality of the fruit.
In the past 50 years, global production of pollination-dependent crops has grown at an accelerated pace relative to the overall growth in food production. In the past five decades, world food production tripled while the production of our reference basket of pollination-dependent crops nearly quintupled. In other words pollination dependent crops represent a larger proportion of the average diet than they did 50 years ago. This is because rising disposable incomes have encouraged consumers to include more fresh fruits and vegetables in their diets. This trend is expected to continue on the back of rising income levels in emerging giants like China and Brazil, as people continue to diversify their diets and move away from major staple crops like corn, wheat and rice, which do not require animal pollination.
Production growing faster than the number of managed bee hives
Although the global stock of managed bee colonies may be growing, the demand for agricultural pollination is increasing more rapidly2.This is illustrated by our estimate that in the past 50 years the global acreage planted with pollination-dependent crops has increased by 135 percent while the number of managed bee colonies grew by 83 percent. In Europe, among the regions with the highest colony-loss rates, the gap has grown even wider as the acreage requiring pollination doubled while the number of bee colonies only grew by some 50 percent.
However, the US has been identified as a key risk region, as the situation there is much more extreme . Production of pollinated crops has quadrupled since 1961 whereas the number of managed bee colonies has more than halved. The latter development has been driven by cheap honey imports from Asia and beekeeping being an ageing profession. The consequence is that the average number of bee colonies per pollination-requiring hectare has declined by nearly 90 percent. This does not suggest a causality between the decline in bee colonies relative to the demand for agricultural pollination and the colony losses observed in recent years; rather, this development illustrates the growing, inherent risk of colony losses as the average colony is responsible for a greater pollination task.
On the other hand, farmers have managed to grow produce with relatively fewer bee colonies up to this point, and there has been no evidence of agricultural yields being affected by a decline in pollinators. But the question is how much further this situation can be stretched. In the US, there have already been situations in which bee colonies have been imported from Australia to cover a pollination shortage due to high mortality rates of domestic colonies.
Role of managed bee hives more important relative to wild pollinators. In addition to the growth in food production volumes, another reason global agriculture is becoming increasingly dependent on the honey bee is that production methods have changed greatly in the past century. The total global agricultural acreage has not grown nearly as fast as total production. This is because of the
yield improvements that are enabled by the enormous technological advances made in agriculture during the second half of the 20th century.
Part of the advancement in improving agricultural yields is due to the fact that crops are increasingly grown under monoculture. This is also the case for pollination-dependent crops. This has had a double-edged effect on agriculture’s dependence on managed bee colonies. First, the acreage requiring pollination has simply increased, and second, areas under monoculture often require bringing managed bee hives to the field, as areas under monoculture do not usually provide the right living conditions to host wild pollinators that would normally be found in areas with greater biodiversity. Even if a crop field is surrounded by forest, wild pollinators only reach the borders of the field, as their radius is usually much smaller than that of the honey bee, which can cover an area of up to seven kilometres around the hive.
So what’s causing colony deaths?
The exact cause for the rapid rate of bee colony losses witnessed in recent years remains unclear. A lot of scientific research has been conducted to uncover the culprit, often leading to contradictory conclusions. But the academic world now seems to agree that there is no single cause to this issue; it is more than likely that a number of causes have together formed a lethal cocktail. Some of the causes may even have synergistic effects, but exactly how they interact is currently subject to investigation.
Honey bees used for human purposes are bred to be friendly, efficient in pollination and able to produce large amounts of honey. This is what could be called commercial selection over natural selection. Bee queens, the only bees in a hive that produce larvae, are bred by a relatively small number of commercial breeders. This inbreeding has caused a huge decline in diversity and thereby a shrinking gene pool, which in turn has affected the specie’s resilience to adverse influences or natural enemies. The best known example is the varroa destructor, a parasitic mite that weakens the bee.
The wider decline in biodiversity also has its effect on the honey bee. Increased monoculture and the coinciding loss of semi-natural habitat have impacted the bees’ diet; the lack of variation has led to malnutrition of managed bee colonies. For the same reason, wild pollinators including wild bees are suffering in many regions. Another suspected cause is pesticide use. This has led to bans on certain pesticides linked to bee colony losses in France and Germany. There seems to be no agreement among stakeholders about the exact role of pesticides; they are the major cause according to some, and are considered less relevant by others. Yet, in Sichuan (Southern China) the application of too much pesticide during the 1980s wiped out many insects, including bees.
Therefore, each spring, pollination in this area is carried out by hand, an enormously labour intensive task considering that a single bee colony can pollinate up to 300million flowers a day.
Outlook
Most of the suspected factors causing bee colony losses are linked to modern agriculture. At the same time, modern agriculture has provided the world with great benefits. Today, 1.5 times more food per capita is produced than was produced 50 years ago and this food is of greater quality and greater diversity than half a century ago. The achievements of modern agriculture must be maintained. As world population continues to grow, so too will the demand for food. Additionally, the demand for pollination-dependent crops is Considering that this is a global issue and that the inherent economic impact of a further decline of bee colonies may be substantial, the tide must
be turned. This will require increased cooperation between the academic world, governmental bodies, apiarists and companies directly dependent on pollination. The beekeepers, mostly loosely organised in apiarist associations, will not be able to solve the issue themselves.
First, a better understanding of how the suspected causes of colony losses interact and how bees respond to those causes is needed. This will require coordinated research and more close and consistent monitoring of bee colonies, as sufficient quality data is often lacking. In the mean time, to save the genetic diversity currently present among the bees, breeding projects should be developed, with or without governmental support. Furthermore, biodiversity in agricultural areas should be increased to provide greater nutritional variety for the bees pollinating the crops, and to promote the right living conditions for attracting wild pollinating species that could take over part of the pollination job. A practical solution would be introducing a variety of plants between permanent crops or promoting weedy borders. In addition, although the use of pesticides cannot always be avoided, application should take place in cooperation with beekeepers. A simple but effective measure is avoiding pesticide use during daylight hours, when bees are foraging. For those producing pollination-dependent crops, one thing is clear: pollination should not be considered as a production factor to be taken or granted going forward.
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